(iii) Clemmensen Reduction

The carbonyl groups of aldehydes and ketone (mainly) undergo reduction to methylene groups with amalgamated zinc and concentrated HCl acid is known as Clemmensen reduction.




Mechanism of reaction

Applications

1. Reduction of aliphatic and mixed aliphatic-aromatic carbonyl compounds.


2. Reduction of keto acids


3. Reduction of phenolic carbonyl compounds



(iv) Kolbe’s Electrolysis

Kolbe’s electrolysis is ionic (I^st) cum free radical mechanism.


Here Na or K salts of acids are taken and solution becomes alkaline due to NaOH. So that pH of solution increases.

Q. Kolbe’s electrolysis of Sodium Propionate gives.

1. Hexane 2. Pentane 3. Butane 4. All Ans. ® Butane.