Forces are vector quantities. A net force will change the state of motion of an object. Forces can be exerted over long distances. Every force is opposed by an equal and opposite force.
A resultant force is a single force that produces the same effect as several forces acting along lines that pass through the same point. The equilibrant force is the single force that produces equilibrium when applied at a point at which two or more concurrent forces are acting.
A single force may be resolved into two components, usually acting at right angles to each other. Resultant and component forces are found by the parallelogram method.
Friction is a force that resists the motion of objects that are in contact with each other. It acts parallel to the surfaces that are in contact, depends on the nature and smoothness of the surfaces, is independent of the area of contact, and is directly proportional to the force pressing the surfaces together. Starting friction is usually greater than sliding friction. The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force of friction to the perpendicular force pressing the surfaces together.
Parallel forces act in the same or in opposite direction. The center of gravity of an object is that point at which all the object's weight can be considered be concentrated.
A stationary object is in translational and rotational equilibrium. The torque produced by a force is the product of the force and the length of torque arm on which it acts.
To produce equilibrium in parallel forces, the sums the forces in opposite directions must be equal and the sum of all the clockwise torques must equal the sum of all the counterclockwise torques about a pivot point. Two forces of equal magnitude act in opposite directions but not along the same line are called a couple.
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