E-StoreSolid state
Solid state
hello everyone!
here are some important points on solid state
these might be useful for you people
solids have:
- definite mass,volume and shape
- short intermolecular distances
- strong intermolecular forces
- fixed positions of constituent particles(can oscillate about these mean positions)
- incompressible & rigid
| property | crystalline | amorphous |
| shape | definite characteristic geometrical | irregular |
| M.P. | sharp | gradually soften |
| heat of fusion | charecteristic | not characteristic |
| anisotropy | anisotropic | isotropic |
| cleavage property | shows | not shows |
| order | long range | short range |
| Type | forces | properties | examples |
| Ionic | ion-ion | brittle,hard,high M.P., conductors | NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 |
| Molecular | dispersion/ dipole-dipole/H-bond | soft,low M.P., conducting | H2O, Br2, CO2, CH4 |
| Covalent/ network | covalent bond | hard,high M.P., insulator (except graphite) | C(gra.), C(dia.), SiO2 |
| Metallic | metallic bonding | variable hardness & M.P., conductors | Na, Zn, Cu, Fe |
- density = n
M / a3 
NA
| | sc | fcc | bcc |
| atoms | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| radius | a/2 | a/2√2 | √3a/4 |
| co. number | 6 | 12 | 8 |
packing efficiency:
SC = 52% BCC = 68% FCC & HP = 74%
- octahedral voids = no. of effective atoms
- teterahedral voids = 2 × no. of effective atoms
-
- radius ratio = r+ / r-
| C. N. | radius ratio | example |
| 3 | 0.155 | B2O3 |
| 4( tetrahedral) | 0.225 | ZnS, SiO44- |
| 4 (sq. planar) | 0.414 | |
| 6 (octahedral) | 0.414 | NaCl |
| 8 ( BCC) | 0.732 | CsCl |
| 12 (Ideal FCC) | 1 | |
- radius of octahedral void = r = 0.414 R
- radius of tetrahedral void = r = 0.225 R
hey its original. not copy posted.
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