Inorganic Chemistry

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9 Aug 2009 22:29:45 IST

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how sp3 hybridisation occurs ?

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how sp3 hybridisation occurs ?

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Blazing goIITian

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9 Aug 2009 22:31:40 IST

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sp³ hybridization

Now let's see how hydridisation can account for each of these features, working towards methane then other alkanes:


Promote an electron from 2s to 2p to create an excited state... with 4 unpaired electrons we can form 4 bonds these bonds would be from 1 x C2s-H1s interaction and 3 x C2p-H1s interactions but these bonds will have different lengths and strengths the 3 C-H bonds from the p orbitals maybe expected to have H-C-H bond angles of 90 degrees
"Blend" (i.e. hybridise) the s and the three p orbitals... since we "mixed" 4 orbitals, we get a set of 4 sp³orbitals each sp³ hybrid contains a single unpaired electron
	The sp³hybrid orbital looks like a "distorted" p orbital with unequal lobes. The 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron.

For methane: 4 equivalent C-H s bonds can be made by the interactions of Csp³with aH1s

Now ethane, H₃C-CH₃ as a model for alkanes in general: Both C are sp³ hybridised. 6 C-H s bonds are made by the interaction of C sp³with H1s orbitals (see the red arrows) 1 C-C s bond is made by the interaction of C sp³with another C sp³orbital (see the green arrow)

Summary

sp³occurs when a C has 4 attached groups
sp³ has 25% s and 75% p character
the 4 sp³ hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron at 109.5^o to each other
each sp³hybrid is involved in a s bond

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18 Aug 2009 21:10:52 IST

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