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why is it that if we fire a bullet towards a glass pane it doesnt break but instead if we throw a stone it breaks?
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I do not think this is true. REMEMBER that whatever we talk about Newtonian mechanics is under certain assumptions. Here, we can't assume that the glass is a rigid body. It is GLASS which will have certain properties which a rigid wall does not have.
Talk about these properties and you will realize that it is teh case everywhere. If a bullet hits a glass and it doesn't crack - it is a bulletproof glass. If a stone is thrown at glass and it breaks - it is glass, but not bulletproof. Realize this!
I'd be really pleased if you could carry on a discussion on this rather than just stop here!
In case of bullet , the shear stress created is sufficient to rip off the glass due to high impulse acting on a small area which is primarily due to high velocity of bullet.
In case of stone the velocity is low and size is large compared to bullet. So it fails to develop sufficient shear stress to punch the glass. So entire impulse causes bending of the glass which causes a tensile stress on the body. Glass is very weak in tension and it breaks along the radial lines due to this .
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