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Organic Chemistry

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17 Aug 2007 11:09:54 IST

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how can i learn and understand the structures of hybridised molecules.

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yogesh bhatt

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Joined: 24 Jul 2007

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17 Aug 2007 13:14:38 IST

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please read solomon &fryhle organic chemistry or try arihant .
fiitjee or brilliant modules can help you.please rate me if you like it

Madhusudan Chavan

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17 Aug 2007 17:40:26 IST

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Carbon undergoes three types of hybridisation; sp3,sp2 and sp.

In sp3 hybridisation s orbital mixes with three p orbitals to give four sp3 hybrid orbitals, directed towards four corners of regular tetrahedron, hence also known as tetrahedral hybridisation. example-methane,ethane.

In sp2 hybridisation s orbital mixes with two p orbitals to give three sp2 hybrid orbitals, directed towards corners of regular triangle, hence called as trigonal hybridisation. The unhybridised p orbital is perpendicular to the hybrid orbitals, example- ethylene CH2=CH2 the carbon carbon sigma bond is formed using hybrid orbital while the pi bond is formed by lateral overlapping of the unhybridised p orbital.

In sp hybridisation s orbital mixes with one p orbital to form two sp hybrid orbitals in a straight line, called linear hybridisation. The unhybridised p orbitals are perpendicular to hybrid orbitals and to each other, example-acetylene.

In any compound if all single bonds are there carbon may be sp3 hybridised. If carbon is attached to other carbon or oxygen or nitrogen by double bond, one bond is sigma and the other is pi, so carbon is in sp2 hybridised state. If carbon is attached to another carbon or nitrogen by triple bond the carbon is in sp hybridised state.In case of allene, CH2=C=CH2, the central carbon is joined to other two carbons by double bonds only, but that carbon is having two pi bonds on either side, and the two pi bonds can be formed using sp hybridised orbitals.

Read the book which you may be using, try to understand the structures, solve as many problems based on hybridisation and you will be through with the concept of hybridisaton.

arun-rashi

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Joined: 19 Oct 2006

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17 Aug 2007 21:04:39 IST

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i give you very simple method for hybridisation and shape of molecule example are as follows ,number of hybrid orbitals =no of sigma bond +no of lone pair ,if total is 2hyb sp,linear,total 3sp2 shape planar ,total 4 shape is tetrahedral,5 sp3dtrigonal bipyramidal,6sp3d2 octahedral,7sp3d3 pentagonal bipyramidal examples of molecules are in sequence BeCl₂,BF₃,CH₄,PCl₅,SF₆,IF₇

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