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19 centuries ago, on agriculture for the major sources of nitrogen fertilizer from organic by-products, such as manure category, seed cake and green manure.



1809 in Chile found a lot of sodium nitrate mineral, and will soon be mining. On the one hand, because this mineral is limited, on the other hand, the Military Industrialization the production of explosives also requires a large amount of niter, the source of nitrogen fertilizer solution must be separate ways. Some far-sighted chemists pointed out: Having regard to the future of the food problem, in order to make future generations free from hunger, we need scientists hope to achieve atmospheric nitrogen fixation. So will the rich nitrogen in the air and into fixed can be used in the form of ammonia Hubble is in the process of testing and theoretical research of the chemists.



Hubble first conduct a series of experiments, ammonia explore the best physical and chemical conditions, the Hubble to successfully design a set of experimental devices suitable for high-pressure ammonia and the process, this process is: In the hot winds were at the top of coke Water vapor, will be almost the size of a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas. One of carbon monoxide in the role of a catalyst, further reaction with water vapor, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are. Then mix in a certain gases under pressure dissolve in water, carbon dioxide is absorbed, the system had more pure hydrogen. Will be the same amount of water vapour and air mixture through the red hot charcoal, in the air, oxygen and carbon would generate carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide absorption was removed, so as to get the needed nitrogen.



A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and high pressure gas under the conditions of the role of catalyst and ammonia. But what kind of high temperature and high pressure conditions for the best » What kind of catalyst for the best » It must also take great efforts to carry out exploration. 'll Wedge and to the spirit of the ongoing experiments and calculations, the Hubble in 1909 finally achieved encouraging results. This is the 600 C temperature, atmospheric pressure and 200 Os as the catalyst under the conditions of access to yield about 8 percent of the ammonia. 8% of the conversion rate is not high, of course, will affect the economic benefits of production. Kazakhstan fear that response can not be achieved as ammonia sulfate production as high as the conversion rate in the production of sulphuric acid oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the conversion rate of almost close to 100%. How do » Hubble that if the reaction cycle gas under high pressure processing, and from this constant cycle of the reaction of ammonia separated, this process is feasible. So he designed a successful cycle of the feed gas. This is the fear of ammonia in Kazakhstan. Out of the laboratory, industrial production, will have to pay hard work. Hubble will be designed to process his application for a patent after it was handed over to the Germany's largest chemical companies - BASF and soda manufacturing company. The company originally planned to use electric arc production of nitric oxide, and ammonia production methods. Two-phase, the company immediately cancelled the original plan, organized by chemical experts, led by Shi-engineering and technical personnel will be put into practice the design of the Hubble.



First of all, afraid of the process in accordance with Kazakhstan, they found a more reasonable way to produce a large number of cheap raw materials nitrogen, hydrogen. Through experiments, they recognize that Os is a very good catalyst, but it difficult process, because it contacts air and easy to change for the four volatile oxides, and this rare metal reserves in the world, very few. Kazakhstan afraid of the proposed second catalyst is uranium. Uranium is not only expensive, but also to trace the oxygen and water are very sensitive. In order to find efficient and stable catalyst, asked two years, they were up to 6500 test, test the 2,500 kinds of different formulas, a lead Mg final selection for the promotion of iron catalyst. The development of the application of high-pressure equipment is the key. Was able to withstand atmospheric pressure of 200 low-carbon steel, but the fear of hydrogen decarbonization corrosion. Oxfam would like to wave a lot of ways, the final decision in response to low-carbon steel tubes in Riga a Shutie the lining, although not Shutie strength, but is not afraid of the corrosion of hydrogen, this finally solved the problem. Hubble's vision of ammonia finally be achieved in 1913, a production of 30 tons of synthetic ammonia plant built and put into production.