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Vertical Limit
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HELLO.......
step 1.
an acid/base reaction ...protonation of the hydroxyl group of nitric acid...this provides a better laving group.....
step 2.
loss of the leaving group ,a water molecule provides the nitronium ion .......
step 3.
the electrophilic nitrinium ion react with the nucleophilic c=c of the arene........this is the rate determiig step....
step 4.
water function as a base to remove the proton from the sp3 c baering the nitro group and eform the c=c ant the aromatic system..