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In danish it is Potenz of hydrogen (originally called by the discoverers)
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if we consider some hetrocyclic aromatic compound like pyridine,pyrrole,furan and thiophene these all are 6 electron system with all aromatic property.
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for example cyclopropene is 2pi electron system but not aromatic because one carbon is sp3 and resonance is also absent but cyclopropenyl cation is aromatic because it satisfy all condition.similarlt benzene is 6pi aromatic,nepthalene is 10pi aromatic while anthrasene is 14pi aromatic system.
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for a compound to be aromatic it must be1cyclic and planar with sp2 hybridisation 2.high resonance energy 3.electrophilic substitution reaction 4 obey (4n +2) electron rule where n=0,1,2,3 etc so follow above condition simultaneously 2pi,6pi,10pi etc cyclic planar structure are aromatic in nature.
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it is calculated by formula E1 +E2 for example P4 convert into PH3 +NaH2PO2 ,according to reaction posphorus from zero changes into -3 and +1 so E1 =mol.wt/3 +mol wt./1
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orbits and shell are same where electron revolve in circuler path.orbit is maximum in size than subshell s,p,d,f than orbital where probability of finding electron is maximum so s have one orbital ,p have 3 degenrate orbital,d have 10 and f have 14
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basic strength means easy donation of electron so from para and ortho position there is operation of both +inductive effect and hyperconjugation which increases basic power but in case of ortho methyl aniline there is ortho effect which decreases basic nature very much so in fact metamethyl aniline with only +inductive effect is more basic even aniline is more basic.by all this we conclude that ortho effect increases acidic nature while decreases basic strenth.
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for basic development of organic goiit material of mechanism and all chapter is good one than study a very good book of organic by J.SINGH of pragati prakashan.this book contain all reactions of organic and their mechanism properly.refer it properly.
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by KHSO4 glycerol undergo dehydration to form CH2=CH-CHO,HCl add on double bond to form Cl-CH2CH2CHO by HNO3 chlorine substituted by NO3.
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go your study in systematic approach.first prepare your mechanism of organic reaction in proper way,type of reactions and reagents and than apply it by proper practice.goiit study material is very good for start consult it.
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for example if we take CH3COCH3(acetone) for reduction it form (CH3)2-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-C(CH3)2 pinacol,this reacts with H+,by alkyl shift and deprotonation it form pinacolone (CH3)3C-COCH3this easily give haloform test because it contain -COCH3 group.so all other reaction in same reagents give similar type of product.
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first reaction is known as bimolecular reduction where two moles of ketones are taken with magnesium amalgum in benzene solvent to form bitertery alcohol.if this reacts with H+ it form ketone by pinacol-pinacolone type rearrangement.
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ethanedioic acid is oxalic acid,propanedioic acid malonic acid,butanedioic acid succinic acid,pentane1,5dioic acid glutaric acid,hexane1,6-dioic acid is common name is adipic acid.
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if -COOH groups present at 1 and 3 position in benzene ring called isopthalic acid,at 1 and 2 position called pthallic acid,if 1 and 4 position called tripthalic acid.similarly 1,6 -hexanedioic acid is called adipic acid.
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Few tips to command over conversions 1.learn chemical eq throughly 2.special stress on reactions of grignard reagents , diazonium salts as they have got immense synthetic importance 3.leran reactions for assending of series & desending of series 4.Start with 2 step conversions 5. practice a lot
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Yes it can react with H+ if acid is stronger than carboxylic acid in that case carboxylic acid will act as a base i.e it can react with HCl & will except H+
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No they are not same D refers to optical behavior similar to D Glyceraldehyde (OH grp on right side ,) & L refers to optical behavior similar to L Glyceraldehyde(OH on left side) it is away to give relative configuration where as u r correct for d & l it is a way of giving absolute configuration
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ya it is sp hybridisation due to odd electron bonding it has one sigma and one lone pair so steric number is 2.
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any halogen like F,Cl,Br or I with any alkyl group for example C2H5I ethyl iodide,CH3Br methyl bromide
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ONLY d will not give haloform test because acid does not have pure -COCH3 group due to resonance .in case of pyruvic acid CH3COCOOH there is seprate COCH3 GROUP SO it give haloform test.lactic acid on oxidation give pyruvic acid so it also give.while formula of acetophenone C6H5COCH3 have COCH3 so it give haloform test.
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