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Hybridization: The process of intermixing of two or more atomic orbital of an atom having comparatively same energy to form same number of new identical orbitals is called as hybridization.
The new identical orbitals are called Hybrid orbitals.
Characteristics of Hybridization:
1) Atomic orbitals of same atom having almost same energy take part in hybridization.
2) Number of hybrid orbitals formed in the process equals the number of atomic orbitals which take part in hybridization.
3) Hybrid orbitals formed are identical. They possess same energy, structure and size.
4) Hybrid orbitals have less energy and more stability than pure atomic orbitals.
5) Hybrid orbitals can form strong bonds between atoms i.e hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds.
6) Arrangement of electrons in hybrid orbitals follows Pauli?s, Hund?s rule.
Shortcuts
No of Hybrid orbitals =
(Group No. of central atom + Atoms around central atom - Charge)/2
if oxygen atoms are present around central atom do not consider them
| No of Hybrid orbitals | Hybridization |
| 2 | sp |
| 3 | sp2 |
| 4 | sp3 |
| 5 | sp3d |
| 6 | sp3d2 |
| 7 | sp3d3 |
Lone PAIR of Electrons
no of HO - No Of atoms around central atom
| No of HO | Hybridization | Lone pairs | Structure | Bond angle |
| 2 | sp | 0 | linear | 180 |
| 3 | sp2 | 0 | Trigonal planar | 120 |
| | | 1 | Angular | 119 |
| | | 2 | Linear | 180 |
| 4 | sp3 | 0 | Tetrahedral | 109 28 |
| | | 1 | Pyramidal | 107 |
| | | 2 | Angular | 104.5 |
| | | 3 | Linear | 180 |
| 5 | sp3d | 0 | Trigonal bi pyramidal | 120, 90 |
| | | 1 | Distorted tetrahedral | ---- |
| | | 2 | T shape | 180,90 |
| | | 3 | linear | 180 |
| 6 | sp3d2 | 0 | Octahedral | 90 |
| | | 1 | Square pyramidal | 90 |
| | | 2 | Square planar | 90 |
| 7 | Sp3d3 | 0 | Pentagonal bi pyramidal | 72,90 |
| | | 1 | Distorted octahedral | ---- |