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Hey guys , here is a list of all the name reactions possible in IITJEE.

Click on any one to view mechanism................

Good rates and comments expected................

a

Acetoacetic Ester Condensation

Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acyloin Condensation

Alder-Ene Reaction

Aldol Addition

Aldol Condensation

Appel Reaction

Arbuzov Reaction

Arndt-Eistert Synthesis

Azo Coupling

b

Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation

Baker-Venkataraman Rearrangement

Balz-Schiemann Reaction

Bamford-Stevens Reaction

Barton Decarboxylation

Barton-McCombie Reaction (Barton Desoxygenation)

Baylis-Hillman Reaction

Beckmann Rearrangement

Benzilic Acid Rearrangement

Benzoin Condensation

Biginelli Reaction

Birch Reduction

Blanc Reaction

Boronic Acid Mannich Reaction

Bouveault-Blanc Reduction

Brown Hydroboration

Bucherer-Bergs Reaction

Buchwald-Hartwig Cross Coupling Reaction

c

Cadiot-Chodkiewicz Coupling

Cannizzaro Oxidation Reduction

CBS Reduction

Chan-Lam Coupling

Claisen Condensation

Claisen Rearrangement

Clemmensen Reduction

Cope Elimination

Cope Rearrangement

Corey-Bakshi-Shibata Reduction

Corey-Chaykovsky Reaction

Corey-Fuchs Reaction

Corey-Kim Oxidation

Corey-Winter Olefin Synthesis

Coumarin Synthesis

Criegee Mechanism for Ozonolysis

Cross Metathesis

Curtius Rearrangement (Reaction)

d

Dakin Reaction

Darzens Condensation

Darzens Reaction

Dess-Martin Oxidation

Diazotisation

Dieckmann Condensation

Diels-Alder Reaction

1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition

Directed ortho Metalation

Doebner Modification

e

Eglinton Reaction

Ene Reaction

Epoxidation

Eschweiler-Clarke Reaction

Ester Pyrolysis

Esterification

f

Favorskii Reaction

Finkelstein Reaction

Fischer Esterification

Fischer Indole Synthesis

Fleming-Tamao Oxidation

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

Friedlaender Synthesis

Fries Rearrangement

Fukuyama Coupling

Fukuyama Reduction

g

Gabriel Synthesis

Gewald Reaction

Glaser Coupling

Griesbaum Coozonolysis

Grignard Reaction

Grubbs Reaction

h

Haloform Reaction

Hantzsch Dihydropyridine Synthesis (Pyridine Synthesis)

Hay Coupling

Heck Reaction

Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction

Henry Reaction

Hiyama Coupling

Hofmann Elimination

Hofmann's Rule

Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction

Hosomi-Sakurai Reaction

Huisgen Cycloaddition

Hunsdiecker Reaction

Hydroboration

i

Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement

Iwanow Reaction (Reagent)

j

Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky Reaction

Julia-Lythgoe Olefination

Julia-Kocienski Olefination

k

Kabachnik-Fields Reaction

Kindler Reaction

Knoevenagel Condensation

Kochi Reaction

Kolbe Electrolysis

Kolbe Nitrile Synthesis

Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction

Kumada Coupling

l

Lawesson's Reagent

Leuckart Thiophenol Reaction

Luche Reduction

m

Malonic Ester Synthesis

Mannich Reaction

Markovnikov's Rule

McMurry Reaction

Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction

Michael Addition

Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction

Mitsunobu Reaction

Miyaura Borylation Reaction

Modified Julia Olefination

Mukaiyama Aldol Addition

n

Nazarov Cyclization

Nef Reaction

Negishi Coupling

Nitroaldol Reaction

Nozaki-Hiyama Coupling

Nucleophilic Substitution (S_N1 / S_N2)

o

Olefin Metathesis

Oppenauer Oxidation

Overman Rearrangement

Oxy-Cope Rearrangement

Ozonolysis

p

Paal-Knorr Furan Synthesis

Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis

Paal-Knorr Thiophene Synthesis

Passerini Reaction

Paterno-Büchi Reaction

Pauson-Khand Reaction

Pechmann Condensation

Petasis Reaction

Peterson Olefination

Pinacol Coupling Reaction

Pinacol Rearrangement

Pinner Reaction

Prévost Reaction

Prilezhaev Reaction

Prins Reaction

Pschorr Reaction

q

r

Reformatsky Reaction

Ring Closing Metathesis

Ring Opening Metathesis (Polymerization)

Ritter Reaction

Robinson Annulation

Rosenmund Reduction

Rosenmund-von Braun Reaction

Rubottom Oxidation

s

Sakurai Reaction

Sandmeyer Reaction

Saytzeff's Rule

Schiemann Reaction

Schlosser Modification

Schmidt Reaction

Schotten-Baumann Reaction

Shapiro Reaction

Sharpless Dihydroxylation

Sharpless Epoxidation

Simmons-Smith Reaction

Sonogashira Coupling

Staudinger Cycloaddition

Staudinger Reaction

Staudinger Reduction

Staudinger Synthesis

Steglich Esterification

Stetter Reaction

Stille Coupling

Strecker Synthesis

Suzuki Coupling

Swern Oxidation

t

Tamao-Kumada Oxidation

Tebbe Olefination

Tishchenko Reaction

Tsuji-Trost Reaction

Trost Allylation

u

Ugi Reaction

Ullmann Reaction

Upjohn Dihydroxylation

v

Vilsmeier Reaction

w

Wacker-Tsuji Oxidation

Weinreb Ketone Synthesis

Wenker Synthesis

Willgerodt-Kindler Reaction

Williamson Synthesis

Wittig Reaction

Wittig-Horner Reaction

Wohl-Ziegler Reaction

Wolff-Kishner Reduction

Woodward cis-Hydroxylation

Woodward Reaction

Wurtz Reaction

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

x

y

Yamaguchi Esterification

z

jst click on ne to see it

Hey man,plz don't expect rates before u have rated others........

Stereoisomers made easy:...

1.in non symmetric molecules with n chiral atoms:2^n.

2.in symmetric molecules with n(even) chiral atoms:2^(n-1).

3.in symmetric molecules with n(odd) chiral atoms:2^(n-1)-2^(n/2-1/2).

VERY HELPFUL....

Come on ppl...................................

1.P=h(rho)g

2.cosa+isina=e^ia

SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION DERIVATION:

Schrödinger's equation follows very naturally earlier developments:

In 1905, by considering the photoelectric effect, Albert Einstein had published his

$E = h f\;$

formula for the relation between the energy E and frequency f of the quanta of radiation (photons), where h is Planck's constant.

In 1924 Louis de Broglie presented his de Broglie hypothesis which states that all particles (not just photons) have an associated wavefunction $\Psi\;$ with properties:

$p=h / \lambda\;$ , where $\lambda\,$ is the wavelength of the wave and p the momentum of the particle.

De Broglie showed that this was consistent with Einstein's formula and special relativity so that

$E = h f\;$

still holds, but now this is hypothesized to hold for all particles, not just photons anymore.

Expressed in terms of angular frequency $\omega = 2\pi f\;$ and wavenumber $k = 2\pi / \lambda\;$ , with $\hbar = h / 2 \pi\;$ we get:

$E=\hbar \omega$

and

$\mathbf{p}=\hbar \mathbf{k}\;$

where we have expressed p and k as vectors.

Schrödinger's great insight, late in 1925, was to express the phase of a plane wave as a complex phase factor:

$\psi \approx e^{i(\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}- \omega t)}$

and to realize that since

$\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi = -i\omega \psi$

then

$E \psi = \hbar \omega \psi = i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi$

and similarly since:

$\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \psi = i k_x \psi$

then

$p_x \psi = \hbar k_x \psi = -i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \psi$

and hence:

$p_x^2 \psi = -\hbar^2\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} \psi$

so that, again for a plane wave, he got:

$p^2 \psi = (p_x^2 + p_y^2 + p_z^2) \psi = -\hbar^2\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\right) \psi = -\hbar^2\nabla^2 \psi$

And by inserting these expressions into the Newtonian formula for a particle with total energy E, mass m, moving in a potential V:

$E=\frac{p^2}{2m}+V$ (simply the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy; the plane wave model assumed V = 0)

he got his famed equation for a single particle in the 3-dimensional case in the presence of a potential:

$i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Psi=-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\nabla^2\Psi + V\Psi$

Using this equation, Schrödinger computed the spectral lines for hydrogen by treating a hydrogen atom's single negatively charged electron as a wave, $\psi\;$ , moving in a potential well, V, created by the positively charged proton. This computation tallied with experiment, the Bohr model and also the results of Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics - but without having to introduce Heisenberg's concept of non-commuting observables. Schrödinger published his wave equation and the spectral analysis of hydrogen in a series of four papers in 1926.

The Schrödinger equation defines the behaviour of $\psi\;$ , but does not interpret what $\psi\;$ is. Schrödinger tried unsuccessfully to interpret it as a charge density. In 1926 Max Born, just a few days after Schrödinger's fourth and final paper was published, successfully interpreted $\psi\;$ as a probability amplitude, although Schrödinger was never reconciled to this statistical or probabilistic approach.

In the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, a physical system is associated with a complex Hilbert space such that each instantaneous state of the system is described by a ray in that space. The nonzero elements of a Hilbert space are by definition normalizable and it is convenient, although not necessary, to represent a state by an element of the ray which is normalized to unity. This vector is often somewhat loosely referred to as wave function, although in a more rigorous formulation of quantum mechanics a wave function is a special case of a state vector. (In fact, a wave function is a state in the position representation, see below). A state vector encodes the probabilities for the outcomes of all possible measurements applied to the system. It contains all information of the system that is knowable in a quantum mechanical sense. As the state of a system generally changes over time, the state vector is a function of time. The Schrödinger equation provides a quantitative description of the rate of change of the state vector.

In Dirac's bra-ket notation at time

t

the state is given by the ket $|\psi(t)\rangle$ . The time-dependent Schrödinger equation, giving the time evolution of the ket, is:

$H(t)\left|\psi\left(t\right)\right\rangle = \mathrm{i}\hbar \frac{d}{d t} \left| \psi \left(t\right) \right\rangle$

where

i

is the imaginary unit,

t

is time,

d / d t

is the derivative with respect to

t

, $\hbar$ is the reduced Planck's constant (Planck's constant divided by $2\pi\,$ ), $\psi(t)\,$ is the time dependent state vector, and

H (t)

is the Hamiltonian (a self-adjoint operator acting on the state space). If one assumes a certain representation for $\psi\,$ , for instance position or momentum representation, the state vector is assumed to depend on more variables than time alone, and the time derivative must be replaced by the partial derivative $\partial / \partial t.$

The Hamiltonian describes the total energy of the system. As with the force occurring in Newton's second law, its form is not provided by the Schrödinger equation, but must be independently determined from the physical properties of the system.

GOOD RATES EXPECTED<\.....

some one plz comment!!

PHASES OF A STAR:

heavenly bodies in your not-so-friendly galactic neighbourhood.............

Beware,in a few 100 million years ,our fate could rest upon one of these , with our own friendly sun,turning on full-throttle against us....................................

Read on...........

Evolution of stars

The life cycles of stars follow three general patterns, each associated with a range of initial mass. There are (1) high-mass stars, which have more than 8 solar masses; (2) intermediate-mass stars, with 0.5 to 8 solar masses -- the group that includes the sun; and (3) low-mass stars, with 0.1 to 0.5 solar mass. Objects with less than 0.1 solar mass do not have enough gravitational force to produce the core temperature necessary for hydrogen fusion.

The life cycles of single stars are simpler than those of binary systems, so this section discusses the evolution of single stars first. And because astronomers know much more about the sun than any other star, the discussion begins with the development of intermediate-mass stars.

our sun now:

But a few million years from now:..........

It could: ..............................................

become a Main Phase Star

become a Red giant star

become an Asymptotic Giant star

become A white dwarf star

become A black dwarf star

undergo a supernova

become a neutron star

become a magnetar

become a quasar..

Or the most dangerous of all a massive star devouring black hole....................

After reading this you certainly would'nt want to live at that time......................

Think about it........

Good Rates Expected.....

Hey guys remember to vote for the person with maximum pts.

formulae:

E=-dv/dr....

F=I.dlXB...

Hey guys ,check out the great article on fire below!! Ever wondered wat fire was??? You will have your answers cleared now...

BE sure to rate and comment for improvement.....

please comment guys?

What exactly is fire? Is it purely energy? What state of matter is it? Can it be ionized? Can it be affected by magnetism? Gravity?

Confused,..well first think read the theory and then check for yourselves...

The correct definition needed to understand fire's properties is:

"Fire is the rapid combination of oxygen with fuel in the presence of heat, typically characterized by flame, a body of incandescent gas that contains and sustains the reaction and emits light and heat."

1) Rapid combination of oxygen with fuel in the presence of heat.Oxygen, fuel, and heat are the essential ingredients of fire.

(2) Typically characterized by flame. "Typically" allows mus to sidestep the issue of apparently nonflaming fires, like you get with burning charcoal. But charcoal fires do create flame--we just can't see it due to the lack of impurities or incompletely burned fuel in the plume. (we can't see a fuel fire at an Indy or CART race either, because the cars run on clean-burning methanol.)

(3) Body of incandescent gas. Flame defined. Most encyclopedia and dictionary definitions blow past this entirely, allowing persons such as yourself to imagine that fire is "pure energy" or similar nonsense. We say "body" because the gas has a characteristic structure and composition. We say "incandescent" because (a) it sounds scientific, (b) it means "luminous with intense heat," precisely what we are attempting to convey.

4) Contains and sustains the reaction. Flame isn't just the result of fire; it is the fire. What's more, without the flame's heat the fire would go out.

(5) Emits light and heat. Duh. However, we mustn't overlook the obvious.

Now to your other questions:

Is fire purely energy? Clearly not. The dancing flames are glowing gas--your suspicions confirmed.

Can fire be ionized? Is it affected by magnetism? Not so's you'd notice. You're thinking of plasma, which is ionized (and thus electromagnetically reactive) gas, often described as the fourth state of matter. You see it in welding arcs, lightning bolts, and the sun. Ordinary fire isn't plasma.

Is fire affected by gravity? Of course--gas has mass. Flame is shaped by convection, a function of gravity (hot air rises). In low- or zero-G environments, fire looks way different: a candle flame on the space shuttle isn't yellow and tapered but blue and nearly spherical.

So there you have it. One step closer to a better world.Rates and comments awaited....

Mine is :
KASHIZUDOTO ZUKAKITU

Hey guys and gals please comment......