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Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

C

HECMHEMIISTSRYTRY

(CLASSES XI–XII)

Rationale

Higher Secondary Stage is the most crucial stage of school education because at this stage specialised

discipline based, content oriented courses are introduced. Students reach this stage after 10 years of

general education and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of mostly for pursuing their career in basic

sciences or professional courses like medicines, engineering, technology and studying courses in applied

areas of science and technology at tertiary level. Therefore, at this stage, there is a need to provide

learners with sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry, which will make them competent to

meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the higher secondary stage.

National Curriculum Framework for School Education – 2005 recommends a disciplinary approach

with appropriate rigour and depth with the care that syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is

comparable to the international level. It emphasizes a coherent focus on important ideas within the

discipline that are properly sequenced to optimize learning. It recommends that theoretical component

of Higher Secondary Science should emphasize on problem solving methods and the awareness of

historical development of key concepts of science be judiciously integrated into content. The present

exercise of syllabus development in Chemistry at Higher Secondary Stage is based on this framework.

Salient features of the present syllabus are thus:

• Some background of Chemistry from secondary stage is assumed; however, no specific

knowledge of topics in Chemistry is pre-supposed.

• The course is self-contained and broadly covers fundamental concepts of Chemistry.

• Attempt has been made to see discipline of Chemistry does not remain only the science of

facts but becomes related to modern applications in the world around us.

• The syllabus provides logical sequencing of the ‘Units’ of the subject matter with proper

placement of concepts with their linkages for better understanding.

• Emphasis has been on promoting process – skills, problem solving abilities and applications

of concepts of Chemistry useful in real life situation for making learning of Chemistry more

relevant, meaningful and interesting.

• An effort has been made on the basis of feedback, to remove repetition besides reducing the

content by suitably integrating the different content areas.

• Practical syllabus has two components. There are core experiments to be undertaken by the

students in the classroom and will be part of examination while each student will carry out one

investigatory project and submit the report for the examination.

With this background, the Chemistry curriculum at the higher secondary stage attempts to

• promote understanding of basic principles in Chemistry while retaining the excitement in Chemistry;

• develop an interest in students to study Chemistry as discipline;

• strengthen the concepts developed at the secondary stage and to provide firm foundation for

further learning of Chemistry at tertiary level more effectively;

23

Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

XI

• develop positive scientific attitude, and appreciate contribution of Chemistry towards the

improvement of quality of human life;

• develop problem solving skills and nurture curiosity, aesthetic sense and creativity;

• inculcate values of honesty, integrity, cooperation, concern for life and preservation of the environment;

• make the learner realise the interface of Chemistry with other disciplines of science such as

Physics, Biology, Geology, etc;

• equip students to face challenges related to health, nutrition, environment, population, whether

industries and agriculture.

C

HEMISTRY CLASS XI
Theory Total Periods 180

Unit I:

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry (Periods 14)
General Introduction

Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination,

theory

Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical

and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

: Importance and scope of chemistry.Dalton’s atomic: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Unit II:

Structure of Atom (Periods 16)
Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thompson’s

model and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations,

concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg

uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of

for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule,

electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

s, p, and d orbitals, rules
Unit III:

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties (Periods 8)
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table,

modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic

trends in properties of elements – atomic radii, ionic radii,

inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,

electronegativity, valence.

Unit IV:

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
(Periods 16)

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters,

Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character

of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of

covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization

involving

s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules,
Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

24

molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only),

hydrogen bond.

Unit V:

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids (Periods 14)
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, type of bonding, melting and boiling points,

role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Gay Lussac’s

law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro’s number,

ideal gas equation, deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.

Liquid State – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no

mathematical derivations).

Unit VI:

Thermodynamics (Periods 16)
Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive

properties, state functions.

First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat,

measurement of

combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, and dilution.

Introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and nonspontaneous

process, equilibrium.

ΔU and ΔH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of: bond dissociation,
Unit VII:

Equilibrium (Periods 16)
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass

action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic

equilibrium – ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization,

concept of pH. Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, solubility product, common

ion effect (with illustrative examples).

Unit VIII:

Redox Reactions (Periods 6)
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions,

oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, applications

of redox reactions.

Unit IX:

Hydrogen (Periods 8)
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of

hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water,

heavy water; hydrogen peroxide – preparation, reactions and structure; hydrogen as a fuel.

Unit X:

s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals) (Periods 14)
Group 1 and Group 2 elements:

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first

element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization

enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and

halogens; uses.

Preparation and properties of some important compounds:

Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological

importance of sodium and potassium.

CaO, CaCO

3, and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.
25

Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

Unit XI:

Some p-Block Elements (Periods 16)
General Introduction to p-Block Elements

Group 13 elements:

oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group;

Boron – physical and chemical properties, some important compounds: borax, boric acids,

boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties,
Group 14 elements:

properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element.

Carbon – catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important

compounds: oxides.

Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride , silicones, silicates and

zeolites.

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of
Unit XII:

Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques (Periods 14)
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification

and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance

and hyper conjugation.

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions;

electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

Unit XIII:

Hydrocarbons (Periods 16)
Classification of hydrocarbons

Alkanes

reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.

: Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical
Alkenes

properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water,

hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism

of electrophilic addition.

: Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical
Alkynes

preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen,

halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

: Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of
Aromatic hydrocarbons

chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution – nitration sulphonation, halogenation,

Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted

benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: resonance, aromaticity;
Unit XIV:

Environmental Chemistry (Periods 6)
Environmental pollution

major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone

: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs,
Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

26

layer, greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry

as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

Practicals Total Periods 60

Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments. Wherever possible

such techniques should be used.

A.

Basic Laboratory Techniques (Periods 2)
1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod

2. Bending a glass tube

3. Drawing out a glass jet

4. Boring a cork

B.

Characterisation and Purification of Chemical Substance (Periods 6)
1. Determination of melting point of organic compound.

2. Determination of boiling point of organic compound.

3. Crystallization involving impure sample of any one of the following: Alum, Copper

sulphate, Benzoic acid.

C.

Experiments Related to pH Change (Periods 6)
(a) Any one of the following experiments:

• Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of known

and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator.

• Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acid of same concentration.

• Study the pH change in the titration of a strong acid with a strong base using universal

indicator.

(b) Study of pH change by common-ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases.

D.

Chemical Equilibrium (Periods 4)
One of the following experiments:

(a) Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocynate ions by increasing/

decreasing the concentration of either ions.

(b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co (H

concentration of either of the ions.

2O)6]2+ and chloride ions by changing the
E.

Quantitative Estimation (Periods 16)
• Using a chemical balance.

• Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid.

• Determination of strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against

standard solution of oxalic acid.

• Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate.

27

Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

XII

• Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against

standard sodium carbonate solution.

F.

Qualitative Analysis (Periods 16)
Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt

Cations – Pb

Mg

4

2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,2+, NH+
Anions – CO

2– 3, S2–, SO2– 3, SO2– 4, NO– 2, NO– 3, Cl–, Br–, I–, PO3– 4, C2O2– 4 CH3COO–
(Note : Insoluble salts excluded)

Project

(Periods 10)
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.

A few suggested projects

• Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ions.

• Study of the methods of purification of water.

• Testing the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, chloride etc. depending upon the regional

variation in drinking water and the study of causes of presences of these ions above

permissible limit (if any)

• Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of addition of

sodium carbonate on them.

• Study of the acidity of different samples of the tea leaves.

• Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids.

• Study of the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibers.

• Analysis of fruit and vegetable juices for their acidity.

Note:

with the approval of the teacher.

Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen
C

HEMISTRY CLASS XII
Theory Total Periods 60

Unit I:

Solid State (Periods 12)
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic

solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three

dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms

per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.

Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

28

Unit II:

Solutions (Periods 12)
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases

in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of

B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using

colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.

Unit III:

Electrochemistry (Periods 14)
Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations

of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis

(elementary idea), dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a

cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, fuel

cells; corrosion.

Unit IV:

Chemical Kinetics (Periods 12)
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration,

temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant,

integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision

theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).

Unit V:

Surface Chemistry (Periods 8)
Adsorption

catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state:

distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular

and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement,

electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions – types of emulsions.

: Physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids;
Unit VI:

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (Periods 8)
Principles and methods of extraction

refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

: concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and
Unit VII:

p-Block Elements (Periods 14)
Group 15 elements

trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen – preparation, properties and uses; compounds

of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure

only); Phosphorous – allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties

of phosphine, halides (PCl

: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states,3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 elements

trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; simple

oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties and

uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses,

oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
29

Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

Group 17 elements

trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties

and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens

(structures only).

: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
Group 18 elements

and chemical properties, uses.

: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical
Unit VIII:

d and f Block Elements (Period 14)
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals,

general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization

enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial

compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K

2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids

contraction.

: electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid
Actinoids

: Electronic configuration, oxidation states.
Unit IX:

Coordination Compounds (Period 12)
Coordination compounds

and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding;

isomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of

metals and biological systems).

: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties
Unit X:

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Periods 12)
Haloalkanes

of substitution reactions.

: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism
Haloarenes

monosubstituted compounds only).

Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrochloromethane,

iodoform, freons, DDT.

: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for
Unit XI:

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Periods 12)
Alcohols

alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols;

mechanism of dehydration, uses, some important compounds –

methanol and ethanol.

: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary
Phenols

chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic

substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and
Ethers

and chemical properties, uses.

: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical
Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

30

Unit XII:

and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones(Periods 12)
Aldehydes and Ketones

nature of carbonyl group, methods

of preparation, physical and chemical properties,

and mechanism of nucleophilic addition,

reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

: Nomenclature,
Carboxylic Acids

physical and chemical properties; uses.

: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation,
Unit XIII:

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen (Periods 10)
Amines

properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.

: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
Cyanides and Isocyanides

will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
Diazonium salts

: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit XIV:

Biomolecules (Periods 12)
Carbohydrates

oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen);

importance.

: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose),
Proteins

structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only),

denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

: Elementary idea of α - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary
Vitamins

: Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids

: DNA and RNA .
Unit XV:

Polymers (Periods 8)
Classification

copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters,

bakelite, rubber.

: Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
Unit XVI:

Chemistry in Everyday Life (Periods 8)
1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,

antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

2. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents.

3. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Practicals Total Periods 60

Microchemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments. Wherever possible

such techniques should be used.

31

Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

A.

Surface Chemistry (Periods 5)
(a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol.

Lyophilic sol

: starch, egg albumin and gum.
Lyophobic sol

(b) Dialysis of sol prepared in (a) above.

(c) Study of the role of emulsifying agent in stabilizing the emulsions of different oils.

: aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenious sulphide.
B.

Chemical Kinetics (Periods 4)
(a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium

thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.

(b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:

(i) Reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different

concentration of iodide ions.

(ii) Reaction between potassium iodate (KIO

starch solution as indicator (clock reaction).

3) and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) using
C.

Thermochemistry (Periods 4)
Any one of the following experiments:

(a) Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.

(b) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH).

(c) Determination of enthalpy change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between

acetone and chloroform.

D.

Electrochemistry (Periods 2)
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn

(CuSO

2+//Cu2+/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes4 or ZnSO4) at room temperature.
E.

Chromatography (Periods 2)
(a) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography

and determination of R

(b) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only

(constituents having wide difference in R

f values.f values to be provided).
F.

Preparation of Inorganic Compounds (Periods 4)
(a) Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.

(b) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.

G.

Preparation of Organic Compounds (Periods 2)
Preparation of any one of the following compounds:

(a) Acetanilide

(b) Di-benzal acetone

Syllabus

for

Secondary

and

Higher

Secondary

Levels

32

(c)

(d) Aniline yellow or 2-Napththol aniline dye.

p-Nitroacetanilide.
H.

Test for the Functional Groups Present in Organic Compounds (Periods 5)
Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary) groups.

I.

Presence in given Food Stuffs

Study of Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins in Pure Form and Detection of their(Periods 4)
J.

against a Standard Solution of

Determination of Concentration/Molarity of KMnO4 Solution by Titrating it(Periods 8)
(a) Oxalic acid

(b) Ferrous ammonium sulphate

(Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).

K.

Qualitative Analysis (Periods 10)
Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt.

Cations – Pb

Mg

4

2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,2+, NH+
Anions – CO

2– 3, S2–, SO2– 3, SO2– 4, NO– 2, NO– 3, Cl–, Br–, I–, PO3– 4, C2 O2– 4 CH3COO–
(Note : Insoluble salts excluded)

Project (Periods 10)

Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.

A few suggested projects

• Study of presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.

• Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.

• Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd

formation, effect of temperature, etc.

• Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions

(temperature, concentration, time etc.)

• Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pH and temperature on it.

• Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram

flour, potato juice, carrot juice etc.

• Extraction of essential oils present in

• Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric powder, chilli powder

and pepper.

Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).
Note

with the approval of the teacher.

: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen

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