IIT JEE , AIEEE Forum - Chemistry , Organic Chemistry - I wanted to clear the topics on inductive effects.

khinart

Induction of charge due to less or more electronegative element is known as inductive effect. It occurs till four carbon atom and maximum at first carbon atom due to closeness impact.

Application of inductive effect

(a) Acidic strength of Carboxylic acid

As the 'S' character increases electronegativity of atom also increases so that electro negativity order is sp >sp2 > sp3.
(b) Basic strength of amines

II pd. elements are more basic than III pd. elements because in II pd elements vacant d- orbitals are absent.
H2O > H2S and NH3 > PH3 due to vacant d orbitals

H2O < NH3 For same period elements consider electronegativity order. Less electro negative element is more basic.

R3N is less basic than R2NH in H2O because of the steric hinderance and solvation effect caused by the three bulky ?R? groups.

(c) Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds
HCHO > CH3CHO > CH3COCH3

carbonyl compounds give nucleophilic addition reactions where primary attack of nucleophile takes place.
as the size of alkyl group increases stearic hinderance comes into play thus reactivity decreases.

(d) Reactivity of alkyl halides
It can be deduced by reacting substance with Ag salt (AgNO3).
On the basis of bond dissociation energy RI is maximum reactive due to largest size of I atom and minimum bond dissociation energy.

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