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Although somatic and zygotic embryos are nearly identical in structural and functional characteristics , the ontogeny of somatic embryos tends to be more variable . Somatic embryos of most species, including grapevine (Vitis spp.), tend to exhibit several typical morphological abnormalities such as variation in shape, size, and cotyledon number. In most species, somatic embryos are larger than zygotic embryos, and their regeneration rates are lower. For instance, in Vitis rupestris Scheele, only 3% of somatic embryos were capable of developing into complete plants, although 27% had shoot and root apices Grapevine somatic embryogenesis, has become commonplace for several genotypes .also initiation and maintenance of embryogenic cultures were accomplished by growth on solidified medium, and plant-regeneration rates were often low (<20%). an embryogenic liquid culture system in which somatic embryos differ morphologically from their solid-medium-derived counterparts and exhibit a higher plant-regeneration rate (>60%) . In the present study, the ontogenic pattern to be set very early (i.e., in proembryogenic masses [PEM]), because PEM initiated in solid or liquid culture systems then plated onto solid medium produced somatic embryos with characteristic morphological and developmental differences.

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