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Illustration:
Q-1: A field of 103 N/C acts at a point. What will be the force on a charge of 3´10-6C and -2´10-6C, kept there?
solution:
For +3MC
For -2MC
Discussion:
The direction of force changes for different charges. For a positive field (due to +ve charge)
1) The force is in direction of field on the +ve charge i.e. repulsive.
2) The force is opposite to field direction on the –ve charge i.e. attractive.
Similar inference can be drawn for negative charges.
Electric field due to: a) Charged ring of charge Q and radius R.
1) The Center=0.
Derivation:
Linear charge density (l) on ring = 
Consider the field at center due to any element = 
But the field due to point diametrically opposite =  in opposite direction.
Net field at center = 0 (By symmetry) 2) On the axis =  On axis of ring at distance x.
Derivation:
Fig (5) As obvious from the diagram the field component along the line gets added due to opposite element.
 *) By substituting x=0 in 2nd result, we can get the first result.
*) Student should verify that the graph is of the following manner.
Fig (6) b) Due to a straight charged rod of length 2L with charge per unit length ‘ ’ at a distance ‘a’ on its perpendicular bisector.
E =
Derivation:
The rod is divided into infinitely small elements and the field due to symmetrically; opposite part add up as shown in figure (7).
Net field at P.
E = 
dE = 
 
Fig (7)
Useful Tips:
1) If x>>a, E =  like a point charge.
2) If L  
i.e. for infinite length
Question:
1) How did the electric field cancel in one direction and add in another?
Ans:
 
Observe the direction of electric field of two points which are symmetrically opposite.
Along the axis, net field = 
Along the perpendicular,
Net field = 
Similarly all fields along the perpendicular to axis cancel out.
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