Halogenation

Alkanes Paraffins

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Halogenation

(i) Halogenation
Depending upon which hydrogen atom is replaced, any of a number of isomeric products can be formed from a single alkane. Ethane can yield only one halo ethane ; propane, n-butane, and isobutane can yield two isomers each; n-pentane can yield three isomers, and isopentane, four isomers. Experiment has shown that on halogenation an alkane yields a mixture of all possible isomeric products, indicating that all hydrogen atoms are susceptible to replacement. For example, for chlorination :

The product obtained when halogenation of alkane occurs in diffused sunlight depends upon the amount of alkane and Cl
₂
taken in the process while reactivity of halogens are F2 > Cl2 > Br2>I2

This is a reversible chemical reaction where HI being a strong reducing agent so it produces CH
₄
again in reversible reaction. Reaction is carried out in the presence of some oxidising agent such as HIO
₃
,HNO
₃
or HgO, which absorb HI from the reaction.

Bromination gives the corresponding bromides but in different proportions :

Although both chlorination and bromination yield mixtures of isomers, the results given above show that the relative amounts of the various isomers differ markedly depending upon the halogen used. Chlorination gives mixtures in which no isomer greatly predominates ; in bromination, by contrast, one isomer may predominate to such an extent as to be almost the only product, making up 97-99% of the total mixture. In bromination, there is a high degree of selectivity as to which hydrogen atoms are to be replaced.

Halogenation of alkanes is not suitable for the laboratory preparation of alkyl halides. In chlorination, any one product is necessarily formed in low yield, and is difficult to separate from its isomers, whose boiling points are seldom far from its own. Even bromination of alkanes is seldom used.
Chlorination of many alkanes has prove these typical results. After allowance is made for differences in the probability factor, the rate of abstraction of hydrogen atoms is always found to follow the sequence 3^o > 2^o > 1^o. At room temperature, for example, the relative rates per hydrogen atom are 5.0 : 3.8 : 1.0. Using these values we can predict quite well the ratio of isomeric chlorinated products from a given alkane. For example :

Inspite of these differences in reactivity, chlorination rarely yields a great preponderance of any single isomer. In nearly every alkane, as in the example we have studied, the less reactive hydrogen are the more numerous; their lower reactivity is compensated for by a higher probability factor, with the result that appreciable amount of every isomer is obtained.

The same sequence of reactivity, i.e., 3
^o
> 2
^o
> 1
^o
, is found in bromination, but with enormously large reactivity ratios. At 127
^o
C, for example, the relative rates per hydrogen atom are 1600 : 82 : 1. Here, differences in reactivity are marked as vastly to outweigh the probability factors.

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