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Topic : Various Kind Of Oscillator and Its Applications
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36
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: Smruti Ranjan SarangiOscillators are devices that are used to generate repetitive signals. They produce output signals without an input signal. There are two major types of electronic oscillators: harmonic oscillators and relaxation oscillators. Harmonic oscillators produce sine wave outputs. Relaxation oscillators produce non-sine wave outputs such as square wave, rectangular wave, and sawtooth outputs. Learn more about OscillatorsOscillation is the periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. The term vibration is sometimes used more narrowly to mean a mechanical oscillation but sometimes is use
Topic : Concept of First Law of Thermodynamics
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38
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: P. Surya PrakashThe water stored in a dam possesses potential energy by virtue of its height. When this water is allowed to fall, its potential energy change into kinetic energy. Due to its kinetic energy, the falling water can rotate the turbines and produces electricity. Thus PE is converted into KE. In other words, the total energy remains constant when a body changes its position, though one form of energy may be converted into another. This leads to law of conservation of energy.Chemical thermodynamics is the branch of thermodynamics which deals with study of processes in which chemical energy is involved. The study of thermodynamics is based on t
Topic : Newtons Universal Law of Gravity
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34
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: nitin.p070Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Separately it was shown that large spherically symmetrical masses attract and are attracted as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers.) This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Newton called inductionEvery body attracts every other body in this universe with a force which is proportional directly to the product of the masses of the bod
Topic : Unit systems and conversions
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23
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: BennyEngineers specify physical quantities in two different—but conventional— systems of units: the United States Customary System (USCS) and the International System of Units (Systeme International d'Unites or SI). Practicing mechanical engineers must be conversant with both systems. They need to convert quantities from one system to the other, and they must be able to perform calculations equally well in either system. In this textbook, examples and problems are formulated in both systems so that you can learn to work effectively with the USCS and the SI. As we introduce new physical quantities in the following chapters, the correspon
Topic : The Laws of Motion - Simplified Explanation
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20
CBSE Board
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CBSE XI (Science)
By Deepanjolie FiggThe Laws of MotionThe first law of motion - this law states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion until an external force acts upon the object to make it move or bring it to rest, as the case many be. The reason for this is known as 'inertia'. Inertia can be described as the resistance to force. Force must overcome the object's inertia in order to make it move, bring it to rest, speed it up, or slow it down; the heavier the object, the greater the inertia.The second law of motion - this law states that the acceleration of an object depends on the force applied to it. This means tha
Topic : Examples Of Newton's First Law
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19
CBSE Board
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CBSE XI (Science)
Author: johnharmerIntroduction:Newton's law defines the general characteristics of bodies which are around us. They are in the state of rest or in the state of motion in a straight line. The statement of Newton's first law is a body does not change its position until a force acts on it. That is a body continues in it current state.Newton's first law about Inertia :Uniform motion in a straight line:An object in the situation has a constant continuous velocity. An object which is at the state of rest has a velocity of zero which is constant.Solve all your new pattern of iit jee 2013problem with me. Please comment on my articles.External force:An exte
Topic : Newton's Three Laws Of Motion
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22
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nonacademic
Author: Rahul JaswalYou may have heard about the three laws of motion at some point of time in your life, or maybe not. If you're a science freak, you'd definitely know what the three laws are, but if you're still reading this, then you sure do want to know about three of the most important laws in the history of time, Newton's Laws of Motion.These laws, as the name suggests describe the relationship between forces acting on a body and its motion due to these forces. These were formed by Sir Isaac Newton and published on July 5, 1687. He would use these laws to explain more about the motion of many physical objects and systems. The Laws of moti
Topic : Hydrogenation Of Alkenes In Organic Chemistry
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16
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
By Leah FischCatalytic alkene reduction is a common mechanism that you will come across when reviewing alkene reactions. Reduction is the reaction in which you reduce the oxidation number of an atom, by either adding electrons or hydrogens to the atom in questionsIn an alkene reduction, what starts out as a carbon to carbon double bond where the pi bond is just two electrons, you wind up with a hydrogen atom attached to each of the sp2 (double bond) carbon atoms. The initial pi bond had just 2 electrons, but the hydrogen atoms each come along with another electron for a total of 4. This addition of 2 electrons, 1 for each hydrogen, is by definition, the reduction pr
Topic : Patterns of The Periodic Table of Elements
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18
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
By Garik TateFirst before we discuss the individual blocks and groups the compose the periodic table of elements lets talk about the system its organized in. For the purpose of this I am going to assume you are looking at a periodic table while you are reading this.First there are the blocks. There are 3 blocks S D and P. The first block (the S block) is on the left of the table and is composed of the first two vertical lines (also called groups). it should be noted that hydrogen does not belong in any of the 3 blocks. The two groups that compose them are the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.Then there is the D block. The D group is like a mixture between fir
Topic : Types of Chemical Reactions
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17
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
By Charles DementorA chemical reaction is a process that always results in the conversion of reactants into product or products. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. A type of a chemical reaction is usually characterized by the type of chemical change, and it yields one or more products which are, in general, different from the reactants.Generally speaking, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds. Chemical equations are often used to describe the chemical transformations of elementary particles that occur during the reaction
Topic : Benefits of Hydrocarbon
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17
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: Tom BellfortHydrocarbon is a compound between Hydrogen and Carbon, hence the obvious nomenclature and now we will explain about the advantage of using it as a refrigerant. As of now, fluorocarbon is prevalently used in refrigerants whether in laboratory freezers/coolers or even at homes they all use fluorocarbon as their refrigeration medium. This refrigerant contributes to the greenhouse effect when emitted to the atmosphere. United Nations have recently decided to restrain the usage of fluorocarbon in order to make the refrigeration process more environments friendly. Hence it is apparent that there is a change urging to get noticed as various pro-en
Topic : Introduction to Hydrocarbons
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15
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: Dr.Badruddin KhanHydrocarbons, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen, are the most important family of organic compounds. They are the organic compounds of simplest composition and may be considered the parent substances from which all other organic compounds are derived. The hydrocarbons are conveniently classified into two major groups: open-chain and cyclic. In open-chain compounds containing more than one carbon atom, the carbon atoms are attached to each other to form an open chain; the chain may carry one or more side branches. In cyclic compounds the carbon atoms form one or more closed rings. The two major groups are subdivided according to
Topic : Thermodynamic Equilibrium
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15
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: nayaknandan85Introduction to thermodynamic equilibrium:Thermodynamics (from ancient Greek thermos "warm" and dynamics "power") also known as thermodynamics is a branch of classical physics. It is the doctrine of energy, its forms and their ability to do work.The basis of thermodynamics is four main propositions. The thermodynamics brings quantities such as energy, heat, work, pressure and volume together. It allows us to find what changes are possible in a system and gives us information on the necessary steps on pressure temperature and other conditions. It gives no indication as to how fast the process happens or what happens at t
Topic : Define Third Law of Thermodynamics
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17
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nonacademic
Author: chrisThird law of thermodynamics is also known as Nernst law and it was introduced by Walther Nernst. According to Third Law of Thermodynamics, we can determine entropy of any substance if, reference point temperature is absolutely zero. This state that ‘At zero Kelvin temperature entropy of solid crystal is may be zero or exactly zero'.In statistical mathematics, this law is defined with other name that is derived law. It is derived from fundamental law. New derived law of statistical mathematics can be used for finding entropy of large system. Given equation is known as derived law equation:H= Kb ln $Here value of ‘kb' shows the B
Topic : Understanding Thermochemistry And Thermodynamics
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18
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: Dr.Badruddin KhanThermochemistry is the study of the heat released or absorbed as a result of chemical reactions. It is a branch of thermodynamics and is utilized by a wide range of scientists and engineers. For example, biochemists use thermochemistry to understand bioenergetics, whereas chemical engineers apply it to design manufacturing plants. Chemical reactions involve the conversion of a set of substances collectively referred to as "reactants" to a set of substances collectively referred to as "products." In the following balanced chemical reaction the reactants are gaseous methane, CH4 (g), and gaseous molecular oxygen, O2 (
Topic : What Are Atoms and Isotopes?
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16
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
By Aigo ShimonakaAtoms, molecules, elements, isotopes...BORING! Well, it may be for some people, but personally, I think it's rather fascinating. For one thing, everything in the world is made from these invisible particles. Although you might think of atoms when imagining the smallest "thing" in the world, when asking yourself what an atom is made of, it becomes clear there are smaller particles.What is an Atom?Atoms are made out of a combination of electrons, protons, and neutrons - subatomic particles. How many of these three subatomic particles an atom contains depends on what chemical element it belongs to. Atoms are categorized by the unique numb
Topic : Atomic Structure - The Basics
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15
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
By Elizabeth BlakeBefore we discuss the structure of atoms, we need to learn the terms mass and weight. While we are on earth, the terms mass and weight reflect the same thing. If we are on the moon, our weight will be less but our mass will be the same. It's been said that if you want to lose weight, go to the moon. If you want to lose mass, go on a diet and exercise. For our purposes in this article, the terms mass and weight will be used interchangeably, since we are on earth.Hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen are called elements. There are a little more than 100 known elements, and they are listed in the periodic table. All matter is made up of various combi
Topic : Neon Atomic Structure
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21
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: mathqa22Basic InformationName: NeonSymbol: NeAtomic Number: 10Atomic Mass: 20.1797 amuMelting Point: -248.6 °C (24.549994 K, -415.48 °F)Boiling Point: -246.1 °C (27.049994 K, -410.98 °F)Number of Protons/Electrons: 10Number of Neutrons: 10Classification: Noble GasCrystal Structure: CubicDensity @ 293 K: 0.901 g/cm3Color: colorlessAtomic Structure[Bohr Model of Neon]Number of Energy Levels: 2First Energy Level: 2Second Energy Level: 8IsotopesIsotope Half LifeNe-20 StableNe-21 StableNe-22 StableFactsDate of Discovery: 1898Discoverer: Sir William RamsayName Origin: Form the Greek word neos (new)Uses: lightingObtained From: liquid airThe el
Topic : The Role & Measures of Nutrients in Plant Growth
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17
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
By Richa PareraEnvironment plays a very important role in plant growth upto a point. Once optimal environmental levels have been achieved in the hydroponics grow room, however, it is the quality of nutrition that determines crop quality and output. The following background information will be useful in understanding of the role of nutrients in hydroponics cultivation.NitrogenPlants absorb nitrogen from fertilizers in both Nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4) forms. Both ammonium and nitrate forms are available in the standard fertilizer mix supplied. It should be noted however, that ammonium levels should be significantly lower than nitrate levels with a safe level bein
Topic : Mineral Supplements for proper nutrition
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15
CBSE Board
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nonacademic
Author: Mineral SupplementMineral SupplementsThe value of getting a sufficient amount of minerals to our body to maintain our overall health cannot be stressed enough. Having enough mineral levels in our body provides a wide variety of health benefits while having mineral deficiencies results to a wide variety of health problems including death in severe cases. Minerals play a part in nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cell permeability, tissue structure, blood formation, acid-base balance, fluid regulation, blood pressure control, protein metabolism and energy production. With the decrease of mineral concentrations on the food we eat and increase on poll
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